1.      Verb Phrase

A verb phrase consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or auxiliary verbs. The main verb always comes last in the verb phrase.

Formula :

Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb = Verb Prase

The verb phrase in English has 5 forms :

1)      Main Verb

2)      An auxiliary verb “be” and main verb in –ing verb

3)      An Auxiliary verb ("have") and a Main verb with past participle

4)      An auxiliary verb ("have" + "been") and a main verb in the –ing form

5)      A Modal verb (can, could, may, might, must, shall, and etc) and a Main verb

2.      Present Tense

Present tense is a verb that we use when we want to explain about something that is going on now. There are four present tenses in English :

a.      Simple Present Tense

We usesimple present tense for : describe habits, unchanging situation, general truth, and fixed arrangement . In simple present tense, we use verb 1 as a verb.

If you wanna make a negative sentence of Simple present tense, you can put “not” after do/does (depends on the subject, do for I, you, we,they and does for he, she it)

And if you wanna make a n interogative sentence, the formula is :

Do/Does + Subject + Verb1 + O ?

Example :

(+)I smoke everyday (it’s a habit)

(-) I don’t smoke everyday

(?)Do I smoke everyday?

(+) We study in Gunadarma University (it’s an unchanging situation)

(-) we don’t study in Gunadarma University

(?) Do we study in Gunadarma University?

(+)Tiger eats meats (it’sa general truth)

(-) Tiger doesn’t eat meats

(?) Do tiger eat meats?

b.      Present Continous Tense

We use present continous tenseto talk about something that happen now. We use verb 1 + -ing as a verb.

The function of present continous tense are :

-          To indicate an action that is being done at this time / now

-          To show a work that will be done in the near future (plan)

-          To indicate an action that occurs repeatedly

The formula of present Continous tenseis :

Subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb - ing + object

If you wanna make a negative sentence of present continous tense, you can put “not” after to be (is, am, are)

And if you wanna make a n interogative sentence, the formula is :

To be + subject + verb - ing + object?

 Example :

(+)She is writing a letter now

(-)She isn’t  writing a letter now

(?) Is she writing a letter now?

c.       Present Perfect Tense

We use Present Perfect Tense when we want to describe a repeated action or action that began inthe past but aren’t finished yet. We use verb 3 as the verb in Present Perfect Tense.

The function of Present Perfect Tense are :

-          To describe a repeated action

-          To describe an action that performed during a period that hasn’t  finished yet

-          To describe an action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present

The formula of Present Perfect Tense :

Subject + have/has + verb-3 + object

If you wanna make a negative sentence of present perfect tense, you can put “not” after have/has.

And if you wanna make an interogative sentence, the formula is :

Have/has + Subject + Verb-3 + object ?

Example :

(+) I have met my perfect partner yet.

(-) I haven't met my perfect partner yet.

(?) Have I met my perfect partner yet?

(+) He hasn taken any drug for two years

(-)  He hasn't taken any drug for two years

(?) Has he taken any drug for two years?

d.      Present Perfect Continous

We use present perfect continous tense for an action that started in the past and continues in the present.

The formula of Present Perfect Continous Tense is :

(+) S + have/has + been + V1-ing

(-)  S + have/has + not + been + V1-ing

(?) have/has + S + been + V1-ing ?

Example :

(+) They have been working together since senior high school.

(-)  They have not been working together since senior high school.

(?) Have they been working together since senior high school ?

(+) She has been working at that company for three years.

(-)  She has not been working at that company for three years.

(?) Has she been working at that company for three years ?

3.      Past Tense

Past tense is averb that we use when wewant to to talk about things that started and ended in the past, or things that started in the past and still continue to the present. There are four past tenses in English :

a.      Simple Past Tense

We use simple past tense to  explain something that happened in the past. We use verb-2  as the verb.

The formula for Simple past tense :

(+)  Subject + V2

(-)   Subject + did + not + V1

(?)  Did + Subject + V1

In simple past tense, sometimes, we use some adverbial of times, like : ago, yesterday, just now, a week ago, three years ago, and etc.

Example :

(+)  I ate the cake yesterday

(-)   I didn’t eat the cake yesterday

(?)  Did I eat the cake yesterday?

(+)  Cika cooked with her mom this morning

(-)   Cika didn’t cook with her mom this morning

(?)   Did Cika cook with her mom this morning?

b.      Past Continous Tense

We use past continuous tense to explain actions that started in the past and still continue until now.

The formula of Past Continuous Tense :

(+) Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object

(-) Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object

(?) was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?

Example :

(+) I was playing badminton yesterday

(-)  I was not playing badminton yesterday

(?) Was I playing badminton yesterday ?

c.       Past Perfect Tense

We use past perfect tense to explain an action that happened in the past finished before another action in the past started. We use verb-3 as the verb.

The function of Past Perfect Tense are :

-          Past actions that are now finished

-          Third conditional

-          Dissatisfaction with the Past

The formula of Past Perfect Tense is :

(+)  Subject + Had + V3

(-)   Subject + had + not + V3

(?)  Had + Subject + V3

Example :

(+) She had eaten the dinner before she went to the cinema

(-) She had not eaten the dinner before she went to the cinema

(?) Had she eaten the dinner before she went to the cinema?

d.      Past Perfect Continuous Tense

We use past perfect continuous to explain an action that were going on in the past up until another action in the past happened.

The formula of Past Perfect ContinuousTense is :

(+) S + Had + Been + V1-ing

(-) S + Had + not + Been + V1-ing

(?)  Had + S + Been + V1-ing

Example :

(+)My baby had been crying since I went to shop.

(-)  My baby had not been crying since I went to shop.

(?)  Had My baby been crying since I went to shop ?

Proposisi dan Penalaran

1.      Proposisi

Proposisi adalah pernyataan tentang hubungan yang terdapat di antara subjek dan predikat. Dengan kata lain, proposisi adalah pernyataan yang lengkap dalam bentuk subjek-predikat atau term-term yang membentuk kalimat, tetapi tidak setiap kalimat dapat digolongkan ke dalam proposisi. Hanya kalimat berita yang netral yang dapat disebut proposisi

Contoh kalimat proposisi :

1.    Semua anggota IAI adalah akuntan (Benar)

2.    Semua akun resiprokal harus di eliminasi (Benar)

3.    Semua akun aset bersaldo normal di debet (Salah)

4.    Semua akun akumulasi penyusutan bertambah di debet (Salah)

2.      Penalaran

Penalaran adalah suatu proses berpikir manusia untuk menghubung-hubungkan data atau fakta yang ada, sehingga sampai pada suatu simpulan. Data yang dinalar tersebut bisa merupakan sebuah fakta atau bukan, namun pada dasarnya orang akan menerima data dan fakta yang benar, lalu menolak data dan fakta yang belum jelas kebenarannya.

Penalaran dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu :

a.   Penalaran Deduktif

proses berpikir logis yang di awali dengan penyajian fakta yang bersifat umum, disertai pembuktian khusus, dan di akhiri simpulan khusus yang berupa prinsip, sikap, atau fakta yang berlaku khusus.

Dalam penalaran deduktif sendiri, terdapat 2 cara untuk menarik kesimpulan, yakni :

·           Menarik kesimpulan secara langsung

Simpulan (konklusi) secara langsung ditarik dari suatu premis.

Misalnya :

Semua S adalah P (Premis)

Sebagian P adalah S (Simpulan)

Contoh :

Semua ikan berdarah dingin (Premis)

Sebagian yang berdarah dingin adalah ikan (Simpulan)

·           Menarik kesimpulan secara tidak langsung

Simpulan (konklusi) yang ditarik dari dua premis disebut simpulan tak langsung. Untuk menarik simpulan secara tidak langsung ini, kita memerlukan suatu premis (pernyataan dasar) yang bersifat pengetahuan yang semua orang sudah tau.

Contoh            :

Setiap manusia akan mati

Semua ikan berdarah dingin

Bentuk Penalaran Deduktif yaitu :

Silogisme

Silogisme adalah penalaran secara tidak langsung. Dalam silogisme kita terdapat dua premis dan satu premis kesimpulan. Kedua premis itu adalah premis umum/premis mayor dan premis khusus/premis minor. Dari kedua premis tersebut kesimpulan dirumuskan.

Rumus menentukan kesimpulan sebagai berikut :

PU : semua A = B

PK : C = A

K : B = C

Berdasarkan bentuknya, silogisme terdiri dari;

a)   Silogisme Kategorial

Merupakan silogisme yang terjadi dari tiga proposisi. Dua proposisi merupakan premis dan satu proposisi merupakan simpulan. Premis yang bersifat umum disebut premis mayor dan premis yang bersifat khusus disebut premis minor.

Pada silogisme kategorial, berlaku :

·      Apabila salah satu premis bersifat partikular, maka kesimpulan harus partikular juga.

·      Apabila salah satu premis bersifat negatif, maka kesimpulannya harus negatif juga.

·      Apabila kedua premis bersifat partikular, maka tidak sah diambil kesimpulan

b)  Silogisme Hipotesis

Silogisme hipotesis adalah silogisme yang terdiri atas premis mayor yang berproposisi kondisional hipotesis. Jika premis minornya membenarkan antesenden, simpulannya membenarkan konsekuen. Kalau premis minornya menolak antesenden, simpulannya juga menolak konsekuen.

Contoh 1 :

Jika saya seorang akuntan, maka saya anggota IAI (PU)

Saya seorang akuntan (PK)

Saya anggota IAI (S)

Contoh 2 :

Jika saya tidak lulus tes, maka saya tidak mendapat gelar Chartered Accountant (PU)

Saya tidak lulus tes (PK)

Sya tidak mendapatka gelar Charterd Accountant (S)

c)   Silogisme Alternatif

Silogisme alternatif adalah silogisme yang terdiri atas premis mayor berupa proposisi alternatif. Kalau premis minornya membenarkan salah satu alternatif, simpulannya akan menolak alternatif yang lain.

Contoh 1 :

Hasil opini audit PT Unilever adalah Unqualified Opinion atau Qualified Opinion (PU)

Hasil opini audit PT Unilever adalah Unqualified Opinion (PK)

Jadi, hasil opini audit PT Unilever bukan Qualified Opinion (S)

Contoh 2 :

Akun kas berada di laporan neraca atau laporan laba rugi (PK)

Akun kas tidak ada di laporan laba rugi (PU)

Maka, akun kan berada di laporan neraca (S)

d)  Entimen

Entimen adalah silogisme yang tidak memiliki premis mayor karena premis mayor itu sudah diketahui secara umum, atau entimen adalah silogisme yang salah satu premisnya dihilangkan/tidak diucapkan karena sudah sama-sama diketahui.

Contoh 1 :

Semua akuntan adalah anggota IAI (PU)

Rayi adalah seorang akuntan (PK)

Rayi adalah anggota IAI (S)

Rayi adalah seorang anggota IAI karena Rayi adalah seorang akuntan (E)

Contoh 2 :

Seluruh mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma adalah calon orang sukses (PU)

Sharah adalah mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma (PK)

Sharah adalah calon orang sukses (S)

Sharah calon orang sukses karena sharah adalah mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma (E)

b.   Penalaran Induktif

Penalaran induktif adalah proses berpikir logis yang di awali dengan observasi data, pembahasan, dukungan pembuktian, dan diakhiri dengan kesimpulan umum. Kesimpulan ini dapat berupa prinsip atau sikap yang berlaku umum atas fakta yang bersifat khusus.

Macam-macam penalaran induktif :

·        Generalisasi

·        Analogi

·        Hubungan kausal

Assignment 3

1.       I would always try to negoziated my salary at job interview

Answer : Depends. If the salary is good enough, then why we should negoziate about it? But if the salary is lower than what we expect, it’s fine to negoziate. Since we have skill too, I think the salary should fit with that.

2.       At a job interview, I would try to show why I deserve the job and what I could do for the company

Answer : Of course I will. Because it’s a chance for us to show the company what we have and what contribution that we will gve to them. And it will increase the chance that they will accept us to join with them.

Assignment 2

Job Interview

Interviewer (I)  : Good Morning, Miss. Please, take a sit

Myself (M)         : Good morning, Sir. Thank you

I                               : How are you?

M                            : I’m fine sir. Thank you for asking

I                               : so, let’s just started. Please, introduce yourself.

M                            : My name is Resty Rindasari. I’m 23 years old. I am a fresh graduated from

 Gunadarma University and my major is Accounting.

I                               : How do you know about this job?

M                            : I know this job vacancy from newspaper, Sir.

I                               : Why are you interested to work here?

M                            : Well, this job fits my background education. And as everybody know, that this

company is the best company in itsfield.  So, it will be an honor to work with you.

I                               : Nice reason. Then, let’s talk about salary. How much do you expect from this

position?

M                            : i was hoping to earn about 4-5 million, Sir.

I                               : If I paid you 5 million, then what will you give for this company?

M                            : I’ll give my best contribution, Sir. I’ll help this company to achieve the goals that

this company set before.

I                               : last question, why we should hire you?

M                            : I’m a well-communicate person, a hardworker and also a fast learner. I can work

individual or in group.  I can easiy adapt in any situation. Beside that, I’m a trustworthy person too. And, I’m certified with some skills that will help this company to develop better.

I                               : Hmmm... Okay. I think this interview is enough. I’ll contact you later if you pass this

interview, Miss.

M                            : Thank you, Sir.